Wallpaper Paste Disposal: Safe, Easy, & Eco-Friendly

in expert
21 minutes on read

The environment benefits significantly from responsible disposal of wallpaper paste. Local regulations often provide specific guidelines related to the responsible disposal of wallpaper paste. Tools like scraper tools assist homeowners during wallpaper removal and impact the volume needing responsible disposal of wallpaper paste. Landfills are destinations for discarded materials; therefore, understanding disposal of wallpaper paste helps minimize environmental impact.

Tackling Leftover Wallpaper Paste – A Responsible Approach

DIY projects can be incredibly rewarding, breathing new life into your living spaces. But, what happens when the wallpapering is done, and you're left with a bucket of unused paste?

This is a common scenario, and knowing how to handle that leftover adhesive is crucial. Simply tossing it down the drain or into the trash without proper consideration can lead to serious problems.

The Importance of Responsible Disposal

Improper disposal of wallpaper paste isn't just a minor inconvenience. It poses significant risks to both the environment and your home's plumbing system.

Think about it: that seemingly innocuous goo can solidify and create stubborn blockages in your pipes. These clogs can lead to costly plumbing repairs and significant inconvenience.

Moreover, some wallpaper pastes contain chemicals that can contaminate waterways and soil if not disposed of responsibly.

A Guide to Safe, Easy, and Eco-Friendly Methods

This article provides a comprehensive guide to safe, easy, and environmentally conscious methods for dealing with leftover wallpaper paste. We'll cover everything from diluting and flushing (when appropriate) to solidifying and trashing.

We'll also explore eco-friendly alternatives and emphasize the importance of adhering to local environmental regulations.

Choosing the right disposal method is paramount, because disposal methods can significantly affect both the environment and your home's drainage systems.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your DIY project doesn't come at the expense of our planet or your plumbing.

Understanding Wallpaper Paste: Composition and Concerns

Wallpaper paste, the unsung hero of many home renovation projects, is an adhesive specifically formulated to bond wallpaper to walls. Its primary function is simple: to create a secure and long-lasting connection between the decorative covering and the underlying surface. However, the composition of wallpaper paste, and consequently, its impact when discarded, is far from simple.

What is Wallpaper Paste? A Closer Look

Wallpaper paste isn't a one-size-fits-all product. It comes in various formulations, each designed with specific properties for different types of wallpaper and wall surfaces. Two of the most common categories are cellulose-based and starch-based pastes.

  • Cellulose-based pastes are made from methylcellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose, derived from plant fibers. These pastes are known for their strong adhesion, good slip (allowing for easy repositioning of the wallpaper), and resistance to mold and mildew.

  • Starch-based pastes, on the other hand, are typically made from wheat, corn, or potato starch. They are often considered more environmentally friendly than cellulose-based options. However, they might be more susceptible to moisture and microbial growth, requiring the addition of fungicides and preservatives.

Beyond these base ingredients, wallpaper pastes often contain additives such as:

  • Fungicides and biocides: To prevent mold and mildew growth, especially in damp environments.

  • Preservatives: To extend the shelf life of the paste.

  • Adhesion promoters: To enhance the bonding strength.

  • Thickeners: To adjust the viscosity of the paste, making it easier to apply.

The Importance of Responsible Disposal

The diverse ingredients found in wallpaper paste highlight the critical need for responsible disposal. Simply rinsing leftover paste down the drain or tossing it into the trash without proper preparation can have detrimental consequences for your plumbing and the environment.

Preventing Plumbing Disasters

Wallpaper paste, regardless of its base, tends to solidify over time. When introduced into drainage systems, even in diluted form, it can adhere to the inner walls of pipes, gradually building up and restricting water flow. This accumulation can lead to:

  • Clogs: Complete blockages that require professional plumbing intervention.
  • Reduced Drainage: Slow-draining sinks, showers, and toilets.
  • Pipe Damage: In severe cases, the pressure from accumulated paste can cause pipes to crack or burst.

Protecting the Environment from Household Waste

Many wallpaper pastes contain synthetic polymers, fungicides, and other additives that can be harmful to the environment. Improper disposal, such as dumping paste directly into waterways or allowing it to leach from landfills, can lead to:

  • Water Contamination: Polluting rivers, lakes, and groundwater, harming aquatic life and potentially impacting drinking water sources.
  • Soil Contamination: Affecting soil fertility and potentially contaminating food crops.
  • Ecosystem Disruption: Disrupting the delicate balance of natural ecosystems.

While the amount of wallpaper paste generated from a single DIY project might seem insignificant, the cumulative impact of improper disposal across numerous households can be substantial.

By understanding the composition of wallpaper paste and the potential risks associated with its improper disposal, you can take proactive steps to protect your home, your community, and the environment. The following sections will explore practical and eco-friendly methods for handling leftover wallpaper paste responsibly.

The diverse ingredients found in wallpaper paste highlight the importance of responsible disposal. Improperly discarded paste can introduce these chemicals into the environment, potentially impacting waterways or soil. It can also lead to significant plumbing issues if flushed down the drain in concentrated form. Therefore, understanding the correct disposal methods is crucial for protecting both our environment and our homes.

Method 1: Diluting and Flushing (When and How)

For many homeowners, the simplest and most convenient method for dealing with leftover wallpaper paste is dilution and flushing. However, this approach is not universally appropriate and must be undertaken with careful consideration.

Is Flushing Right for You? Assessing Suitability

Before reaching for the faucet, it's essential to determine if diluting and flushing is a viable option in your specific situation. Several factors come into play.

First and foremost, check with your local waste management authorities. Many municipalities have specific regulations regarding the disposal of household waste, including restrictions on what can and cannot be flushed down the drain. These rules are in place to protect sewage treatment plants and prevent environmental contamination. Ignoring them could lead to fines or, more importantly, environmental damage.

Secondly, consider the type of wallpaper paste you're dealing with. Some pastes, particularly those containing synthetic resins or high concentrations of additives, may not be suitable for flushing, even when diluted. Always refer to the manufacturer's instructions on the paste container for disposal guidelines.

Finally, assess the quantity of leftover paste. Flushing small amounts of diluted paste is generally less problematic than attempting to dispose of large quantities all at once. If you have a significant amount of paste remaining, consider alternative disposal methods.

Step-by-Step Dilution and Flushing Guide

Assuming you've determined that dilution and flushing is an acceptable method, follow these steps to minimize the risk of plumbing problems and environmental impact:

  1. Prepare the Paste: In a large bucket, gradually add water to the leftover wallpaper paste, stirring continuously. The goal is to achieve a consistency similar to milk or thin soup. Ensure all lumps are broken down and the paste is thoroughly diluted.

  2. Flush Gradually: Pour the diluted paste down a drain, such as a toilet or utility sink, in small increments. Avoid overwhelming the plumbing system with a large volume of liquid at once.

  3. Use Plenty of Water: After each pour, flush the drain with a generous amount of water to help carry the diluted paste through the pipes and prevent it from settling or solidifying. A strong, forceful flush is ideal.

  4. Repeat as Needed: Continue adding diluted paste and flushing with water until all the leftover paste is disposed of.

Precautions to Avoid Plumbing Nightmares

Even with proper dilution, there's always a risk of clogging your pipes if you aren't careful. Here are some precautions:

  • Avoid Large Quantities: Never dump a large amount of even diluted wallpaper paste down the drain all at once. This is a surefire way to create a blockage.

  • Use a Drain Strainer: Consider using a drain strainer to catch any larger particles or undissolved clumps of paste that may escape the dilution process.

  • Flush with Hot Water Periodically: Periodically flushing with hot water can help dissolve any remaining paste residue and prevent buildup in the pipes.

  • Monitor Drain Flow: Pay close attention to the drain's flow rate. If you notice any signs of slowing or gurgling, stop immediately and assess the situation. It may be necessary to use a plunger or call a plumber.

By following these guidelines, you can safely and responsibly dispose of small amounts of wallpaper paste down the drain, while minimizing the risk of plumbing issues and environmental harm. Remember, when in doubt, consult your local waste management authority or consider an alternative disposal method.

Method 2: Solidifying and Trashing (The Solid Waste Solution)

When flushing isn't an option – perhaps due to local regulations, paste composition, or the sheer volume of leftovers – solidifying and trashing offers a reliable alternative. This method transforms the liquid paste into a manageable solid waste product suitable for standard garbage disposal.

The Solidification Process: Turning Liquid to Solid

The key to this method lies in using absorbent materials to soak up the excess moisture in the wallpaper paste, turning it into a solid or semi-solid form. Several readily available household items work well for this purpose:

  • Newspaper: A classic choice, newspaper is highly absorbent and readily available. Shredding the newspaper before mixing it with the paste increases its surface area and speeds up the solidification process.

  • Cardboard: Similar to newspaper, cardboard provides excellent absorbency. Consider using old cardboard boxes or packaging materials.

  • Kitty Litter: Unused kitty litter is surprisingly effective at absorbing liquids. Its granular nature allows it to mix thoroughly with the paste, creating a solid clump.

  • Sawdust: If you have sawdust on hand from woodworking projects, it can be used effectively.

  • Other Absorbent Materials: Consider other options like paper towels, rags (that you don't mind discarding), or even vermiculite if you have it available.

Step-by-Step Solidification

  1. Find a suitable container: An old bucket, plastic tub, or even a sturdy garbage bag lined with newspaper will work.

  2. Gradually add absorbent material to the wallpaper paste, mixing thoroughly. The goal is to achieve a consistency similar to thick mud or damp soil. Avoid adding too much absorbent at once, as this can create clumps that are difficult to mix.

  3. Continue adding absorbent material until the paste is no longer liquid and can be easily handled.

  4. Allow the mixture to sit for several hours, or preferably overnight, to ensure complete solidification.

Bagging and Labeling: Preparing for Disposal

Once the wallpaper paste has solidified, it's crucial to properly bag and label it for disposal. This helps waste management personnel identify the contents and handle them appropriately.

  1. Place the solidified paste into a sturdy garbage bag. Double-bagging is recommended to prevent leaks or spills during transport.

  2. Seal the bag tightly with tape or a zip tie.

  3. Clearly label the bag as "Non-Recyclable Waste: Solidified Wallpaper Paste." This is extremely important, as it prevents the material from accidentally entering the recycling stream.

    • Consider adding the date of disposal for your own records.

Disposal According to Local Guidelines: Know Your Rules

The final step is to dispose of the bagged and labeled waste according to your local waste management authorities' guidelines. These guidelines can vary significantly from one municipality to another, so it's essential to check with your local authorities for specific instructions.

  • Contact Information: Look up your local waste management website, or call them directly.
  • Curbside Pickup: Many municipalities allow for the disposal of bagged waste as part of their regular curbside pickup service. However, there may be restrictions on the type or amount of waste that can be disposed of in this way.
  • Designated Drop-Off Locations: Some municipalities operate designated drop-off locations where residents can dispose of household waste that is not suitable for curbside pickup.
  • Special Waste Disposal Events: Periodically, your local waste management authorities might hold special waste disposal events where residents can safely dispose of items like paint, electronics, and other hazardous materials. While solidified wallpaper paste is not considered hazardous, these events may provide an opportunity to dispose of large quantities of waste.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your solidified wallpaper paste is disposed of safely and responsibly, minimizing its impact on the environment.

Method 3: Landfill Disposal – A Last Resort

While responsible disposal aims to minimize environmental impact, there are circumstances where landfill disposal becomes the only practical option for dealing with leftover wallpaper paste. It's crucial to understand when this approach is necessary and how to execute it responsibly.

When Landfill Disposal is Necessary

Certain situations necessitate landfill disposal, making it the most feasible choice despite environmental concerns.

Large Quantities: Disposing of very large quantities of wallpaper paste through dilution and flushing or even solidification can be impractical. The sheer volume can overwhelm drainage systems or exceed the absorbent capacity of available materials.

Specific Paste Types: Some specialty wallpaper pastes contain additives or chemicals that make them unsuitable for dilution or composting. These may include mildewcides, fungicides, or strong adhesives. Always consult the manufacturer's instructions for specific disposal recommendations.

Local Regulations: In some areas, local regulations may prohibit the disposal of any type of paste down the drain. Adhering to these local rules is essential, even if other methods seem more convenient.

Safe Containment is Key

If landfill disposal is unavoidable, proper containment is paramount. The goal is to prevent leakage and minimize the potential for environmental contamination.

Double Bagging: Place the solidified wallpaper paste in a sturdy garbage bag. Tie it securely, then place that bag inside a second, equally robust bag. This double-layer approach provides an extra barrier against leaks.

Sealed Containers: For particularly liquidy or potentially hazardous pastes, consider using a sealed plastic container instead of bags. Ensure the lid is tightly secured to prevent any spills.

Absorbent Layer: Before placing the paste in the bag or container, line the bottom with an extra layer of absorbent material, such as newspaper or kitty litter. This will help contain any residual moisture and prevent leakage.

Minimizing Environmental Impact

Even with proper containment, landfill disposal carries environmental implications. However, these can be minimized through careful practices:

Check with Local Waste Management: Contact your local waste management authorities for any specific guidelines or requirements for disposing of wallpaper paste. They may have designated drop-off locations or specific bagging instructions.

Avoid Overfilling: Do not overfill bags or containers. This can increase the risk of bursting or leaking during handling and transport.

Label Clearly: Label the bag or container clearly as "Non-Recyclable Wallpaper Paste" or "Construction Waste" to inform waste handlers of the contents.

Consider a Professional Waste Disposal Service: For very large quantities or potentially hazardous pastes, consider hiring a professional waste disposal service. These companies have the expertise and equipment to dispose of waste safely and in compliance with environmental regulations. They can also advise on the best disposal method for your specific type of paste.

While landfill disposal should be a last resort, responsible execution minimizes its environmental impact. By carefully containing the waste and adhering to local guidelines, you can ensure that even landfill-bound paste is handled as safely as possible.

Exploring Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Biodegradable Options

While landfill disposal represents a last resort, a growing awareness of environmental responsibility pushes us to explore more sustainable options. Are there truly eco-friendly solutions when it comes to dealing with leftover wallpaper paste? Furthermore, could a proactive approach – choosing the right paste from the start – significantly reduce our environmental footprint?

The Quest for Eco-Friendly Paste Disposal Products

Currently, dedicated "paste disposal products" are rare. The market hasn't quite caught up with the specific need. You likely won't find a product explicitly labeled for dissolving or neutralizing wallpaper paste.

However, some general-purpose eco-friendly cleaning agents might assist in breaking down smaller amounts of paste residue on surfaces. Look for products that are:

  • Plant-based.
  • Biodegradable.
  • Free of harsh chemicals.

Read the product labels carefully to ensure they are safe for your plumbing and septic system if you intend to use them for drain disposal (following the dilution method). Always test in an inconspicuous area first.

Biodegradable Pastes: A Proactive Solution

The most impactful eco-conscious choice lies in selecting a biodegradable wallpaper paste at the outset of your project.

These pastes are typically formulated with:

  • Natural starches (e.g., potato, wheat, or cornstarch).
  • Cellulose derived from plants.

These materials break down more readily in the environment compared to traditional synthetic adhesives.

Benefits of Biodegradable Pastes

  • Reduced environmental impact: Biodegradable pastes minimize the persistence of synthetic polymers in landfills and waterways.

  • Compostability (potentially): Depending on the specific ingredients and local composting guidelines, some solidified biodegradable pastes may be suitable for composting in industrial facilities. Always check with your local waste management authorities before attempting to compost any wallpaper paste.

  • Lower VOCs: Many biodegradable pastes have lower volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, contributing to better indoor air quality.

Choosing the Right Biodegradable Paste

When selecting a biodegradable paste, consider these factors:

  • Wallpaper Type: Ensure the paste is compatible with the type of wallpaper you're using (e.g., non-woven, vinyl, or paper).
  • Adhesive Strength: Look for a paste that provides adequate adhesion for your project's requirements.
  • Certifications: Check for certifications from reputable environmental organizations, which can indicate that the product meets certain sustainability standards.

By opting for biodegradable wallpaper paste, you significantly lessen the burden on the environment, contributing to a more sustainable approach to home decorating.

Disposing of household waste responsibly is no longer simply a matter of personal preference; it's a legal obligation. A complex web of environmental regulations at the local, state, and sometimes even federal level governs how we manage our trash, including seemingly innocuous items like leftover wallpaper paste. Understanding these rules is crucial for preventing pollution and avoiding potential penalties.

The Regulatory Landscape of Waste Disposal

The specific regulations concerning household waste disposal can vary significantly depending on your location. There is no single, universally applicable law. Federal laws, such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the United States, set a framework for managing hazardous waste, but municipalities and local waste management authorities often have the power to implement stricter regulations and guidelines tailored to their specific needs and environmental concerns.

These local rules might dictate:

  • Acceptable methods for disposing of specific materials (e.g., prohibiting certain substances from entering the sewer system).
  • Requirements for separating recyclable materials from general waste.
  • Specific procedures for handling potentially harmful substances, such as paints or adhesives.

The Crucial Role of Local Waste Management Authorities

Local waste management authorities are the primary point of contact for information about waste disposal regulations in your area. These agencies are responsible for implementing and enforcing local rules, providing guidance to residents, and managing waste collection and processing facilities.

Contacting your local waste management authority is essential to:

  • Determine the acceptable methods for disposing of wallpaper paste (e.g., whether dilution and flushing are permitted).
  • Learn about any specific requirements for bagging and labeling waste destined for landfill disposal.
  • Identify local hazardous waste collection programs or drop-off centers that might accept certain types of adhesives.

Don't assume that what was permissible in one location is acceptable in another. Always verify the local regulations before disposing of any household waste.

Protecting the Environment: The Reason Behind the Rules

Environmental regulations are not arbitrary hurdles; they are designed to protect our ecosystems and public health. Improper waste disposal can have significant consequences, including:

  • Contamination of waterways: Chemicals from discarded adhesives can leach into rivers, lakes, and groundwater, harming aquatic life and potentially contaminating drinking water sources.
  • Soil pollution: Improperly disposed waste can contaminate soil, affecting plant growth and potentially entering the food chain.
  • Drainage system clogs: Dumping solid waste down drains can cause blockages, leading to sewer backups and environmental damage.

By following local guidelines, you play a vital role in preventing these harmful impacts.

Consequences of Non-Compliance

Failure to comply with local waste disposal regulations can result in penalties. These penalties might range from warnings and fines to, in more serious cases, legal action. The severity of the penalty typically depends on the nature and extent of the violation.

More importantly, non-compliance reflects a disregard for the environment and the well-being of your community. Adhering to waste disposal guidelines is a simple but powerful way to demonstrate environmental responsibility and contribute to a healthier planet.

Safety First: Precautions and Cleanup

Cleaning up after a wallpapering project often feels like the final hurdle. However, it's crucial to approach this stage with the same care and attention to detail as the application itself. Safe cleanup practices not only protect your health but also prevent accidental environmental contamination.

Essential Cleaning Supplies

Before you even begin cleaning, gather the right supplies. Having everything readily available streamlines the process and minimizes potential hazards.

  • Appropriate cleaning agents are key. Check the wallpaper paste's packaging for recommended solvents or cleaning solutions. Often, warm water and a mild detergent are sufficient, but some pastes might require specific chemicals.

  • Protective gear is non-negotiable. Wear gloves to prevent skin contact with the paste. Safety glasses shield your eyes from splashes. A dust mask is advisable if you’re dealing with dried or powdered paste.

  • Absorbent materials like sponges, cloths, and paper towels are essential for wiping up spills and cleaning surfaces. Keep plenty on hand.

Minimizing Contact and Maximizing Ventilation

Wallpaper paste, while generally non-toxic, can cause irritation upon contact with skin or eyes. Prolonged exposure may lead to dermatitis or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

  • Always wear gloves to create a barrier between your skin and the paste.

  • If paste splashes into your eyes, flush them immediately with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.

  • Proper ventilation is also essential, especially when using chemical cleaning agents. Open windows and doors to ensure adequate airflow. If ventilation is limited, consider using a fan to circulate air.

Dealing with Spills Promptly

Accidents happen. Wallpaper paste can drip onto floors, walls, or other surfaces. Addressing these spills immediately prevents them from hardening and becoming more difficult to remove.

  • Wipe up spills with a damp cloth or sponge as soon as they occur. For stubborn spots, use the recommended cleaning agent.

  • Avoid using excessive water, as this can damage certain surfaces. Work in small sections and dry the area thoroughly after cleaning.

  • Dispose of contaminated cleaning materials properly. Soiled cloths and sponges should be bagged and discarded with your regular household waste.

A Word on Disposal

Even cleaning water can contain residual wallpaper paste. Avoid pouring large quantities of this water down the drain, as it could contribute to clogging. Instead, consider diluting it further and disposing of it in small amounts, or solidifying it with absorbent materials before trashing it. Always refer to local waste management guidelines for proper disposal procedures in your area.

Troubleshooting Common Paste Disposal Problems

Even with the best planning and execution, wallpaper paste disposal can present unforeseen challenges. From dried-on residue to potential plumbing issues, knowing how to address these common problems is essential for a smooth and responsible cleanup process.

Tackling Hardened Wallpaper Paste

Hardened wallpaper paste is a frequent issue, especially if spills or splatters are left unattended. Removing this stubborn residue requires a multi-pronged approach.

Soaking is your first line of defense. Apply a generous amount of warm water to the affected area and let it sit for several minutes. This will help to soften the paste, making it easier to remove.

For particularly stubborn spots, a putty knife or scraper can be used gently to lift the paste away from the surface. Be careful not to damage the underlying material, especially on painted walls or delicate surfaces.

Avoid excessive force, as this can scratch or gouge the surface.

In some cases, specialized wallpaper paste removers may be necessary. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully and test the product in an inconspicuous area first to ensure it doesn't damage the surface.

Preventing and Addressing Drainage System Clogs

Wallpaper paste can quickly lead to clogs if improperly disposed of down the drain. Prevention is key.

A drain strainer is an inexpensive but effective tool for catching any solid particles that might otherwise end up clogging your pipes. Place it in the drain opening whenever you're rinsing tools or cleaning up paste residue.

When flushing diluted paste down the drain, use plenty of water. This helps to ensure that the paste is carried away effectively and doesn't accumulate in the pipes.

Avoid disposing of large quantities of paste down the drain at once. Flush smaller amounts with generous amounts of water in between.

If you suspect a clog, avoid using harsh chemical drain cleaners as these can damage your pipes and pose environmental risks. Instead, try using a plunger or a drain snake to dislodge the blockage.

A mixture of baking soda and vinegar, followed by hot water, can also help to break down clogs naturally.

Addressing Accidental Improper Disposal

Despite your best efforts, you might accidentally dispose of wallpaper paste improperly. Whether it's a large amount down the drain or an unmarked bag in the recycling bin, it's important to take swift action.

The first step is to contact your local waste management authorities. They can provide guidance on how to rectify the situation and minimize any potential environmental impact.

Be prepared to provide details about the type and quantity of paste involved, as well as the method of disposal.

If you've accidentally flushed a large amount of paste down the drain, monitor your plumbing closely for any signs of clogging or slow drainage.

Consider contacting a plumber to inspect your pipes and ensure that there are no long-term issues.

In the case of mislabeled or improperly sorted waste, promptly correct the error by properly bagging and disposing of the paste according to local guidelines. This proactive approach demonstrates your commitment to responsible waste management and helps to prevent further environmental harm.

Wallpaper Paste Disposal: Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some common questions people have about safely and responsibly disposing of wallpaper paste.

Can I just pour wallpaper paste down the drain?

No, you should not pour excess wallpaper paste down the drain. It can solidify and cause clogs in your plumbing system. Improper disposal of wallpaper paste can lead to costly repairs.

What is the most eco-friendly way to dispose of wallpaper paste?

Allowing the leftover wallpaper paste to dry completely is often the most eco-friendly option. Once dried, it can usually be disposed of with your regular trash. This reduces the potential for liquid waste issues.

How do I dispose of wallpaper paste safely if I have a lot left over?

If you have a significant amount of wallpaper paste remaining, consider checking with your local waste management services. They may have specific guidelines for the disposal of wallpaper paste and other construction-related materials.

Can I reuse leftover wallpaper paste?

Potentially, yes! If properly sealed in an airtight container and stored in a cool, dry place, some wallpaper pastes can be reused within a certain timeframe. Check the manufacturer's instructions for specific storage and reuse information regarding the safe and effective disposal of wallpaper paste by using all of it.

Alright, that's the lowdown on disposal of wallpaper paste! Hope this helps you keep things clean and green during your next project. Happy wallpapering (and disposing!).