Water Bibs Explained: The Ultimate Guide [Must Read!]

Understanding infant hygiene often leads parents to explore various protective accessories, and among these, the water bib stands out for its specific purpose. Dribble rash, a common concern for infants, can be significantly reduced with the effective use of a water bib. This guide will illuminate what is a water bib, and its role in preventing such skin irritations. Beyond mere drool absorption, a water bib, often recommended by pediatric nurses, also aids in keeping clothes clean during meal times or when a baby is teething. Furthermore, knowing fabric types best suited for sensitive skin is crucial when selecting the right water bib for your little one.

Unveiling the Unsung Hero of Your Yard: The Water Bib

Think about it: a sunny Saturday afternoon, the lawn calling out for a drink, or perhaps your car begging for a wash. What’s the first thing you reach for? The humble garden hose. But what connects that hose to the lifeblood of your home's water supply?

The answer, often overlooked, is the water bib.

It's the unsung hero quietly enabling countless outdoor tasks.

This seemingly simple fixture is far more crucial than many homeowners realize. It's the gateway to outdoor hydration, the starting point for countless chores and recreational activities.

The Indispensable Outdoor Faucet

A water bib, also known as a hose bib, spigot, or outdoor faucet, is your dedicated outdoor water source. It's the reliable connection point that bridges your home's plumbing and the outside world.

Consider how often you rely on this unassuming fixture:

• Watering the garden
• Washing the car
• Filling a swimming pool
• Power washing the deck

Without a properly functioning water bib, these tasks become significantly more challenging, if not impossible.

Why This Guide Matters

This guide is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of water bibs. From identifying different types to performing basic maintenance, we'll equip you with the knowledge to keep your outdoor water flowing freely.

We'll explore:

• The different types of water bibs available.
• Their essential components.
• Basic installation principles.
• Maintenance and repair techniques.

By the end, you'll not only appreciate the importance of this often-overlooked fixture but also possess the practical knowledge to keep it functioning optimally for years to come.

Unveiling the Unsung Hero of Your Yard: The Water Bib Think about it: a sunny Saturday afternoon, the lawn calling out for a drink, or perhaps your car begging for a wash. What’s the first thing you reach for? The humble garden hose. But what connects that hose to the lifeblood of your home's water supply? The answer, often overlooked, is the water bib. It's the unsung hero quietly enabling countless outdoor tasks. This seemingly simple fixture is far more crucial than many homeowners realize. It's the gateway to outdoor hydration, the starting point for countless chores and recreational activities. The Indispensable Outdoor Faucet A water bib, also known as a hose bib, spigot, or outdoor faucet, is your dedicated outdoor water source. It's the reliable connection point that bridges your home's plumbing and the outside world. Consider how often you rely on this unassuming fixture:

Watering the garden Washing the car Filling a swimming pool Power washing the deck

Without a properly functioning water bib, these tasks become significantly more challenging, if not impossible. Why This Guide Matters This guide is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of water bibs. From identifying different types to performing basic maintenance, we'll equip you with the knowledge to keep your outdoor water flowing freely. We'll explore:

The different types of water bibs available. Their essential components. Basic installation principles. Maintenance and repair techniques.

By the end, you'll not only appreciate the importance of this often-overlooked fixture but also possess the practical knowledge...

What Exactly is a Water Bib? Defining the Terms

To truly appreciate the role of a water bib, we must first establish a clear understanding of what it is. It's more than just an outdoor tap; it's a critical interface between your home and the outside world.

Understanding the Terminology

The term "water bib" itself might sound somewhat antiquated, but it's just one of several names for this ubiquitous fixture. You might also hear it referred to as a hose bib, a spigot, or simply an outdoor faucet. All of these terms essentially describe the same thing: a valve designed to deliver water from your home's plumbing system to an outdoor location.

It is important to realize that whatever name you use, it is crucial that you are specific when ordering parts or explaining issues to a plumber.

The Primary Function: Your Outdoor Water Connection

The primary function of a water bib is simple: to provide a convenient and reliable connection point for a garden hose. This connection allows you to access your home's water supply for various outdoor tasks, from watering your lawn and garden to washing your car or filling a pool.

Without a functioning water bib, these tasks become significantly more difficult, often requiring cumbersome workarounds.

Water Bibs vs. Indoor Faucets: Key Differences

While both water bibs and indoor faucets serve the purpose of dispensing water, there are key distinctions between the two. Water bibs are specifically designed to withstand the elements and are often constructed from more durable materials than their indoor counterparts.

Durability is key here, as water bibs are exposed to sun, rain, and freezing temperatures, all of which can degrade less robust fixtures. Furthermore, many water bibs are equipped with features like backflow preventers to protect your home's water supply from contamination.

Finally, and perhaps most obviously, water bibs are located outside the home, whereas indoor faucets are inside, therefore, they are constructed very differently.

Unsurprisingly, the humble water bib might seem fairly uniform. However, a closer look reveals a variety of types, each designed for specific needs and environments. Understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the right fixture for your home and climate.

Exploring the Different Types of Water Bibs

Choosing the right water bib is not a one-size-fits-all decision. The best option depends on your local climate, water usage habits, and specific needs.

Let’s delve into the most common types of water bibs, highlighting their features and applications. We’ll cover standard models, the invaluable frost-free variants, and briefly touch on other less common valve types.

Standard Water Bib: The Basic Workhorse

The standard water bib is the most common and recognizable type. It's characterized by its simple design and straightforward functionality.

Typically constructed from brass or galvanized steel, it features a valve mechanism, a spout for hose connection, and a handle for controlling water flow.

Design and Application

Its basic design makes it ideal for general outdoor water access in climates where freezing temperatures are not a concern.

You'll often find standard water bibs used for:

• Watering gardens
• Washing cars
• General outdoor cleaning tasks

Limitations

However, standard water bibs are susceptible to freezing in colder climates. Water trapped inside the valve can expand and cause the pipe to burst, leading to costly repairs. This is why they are not recommended for regions with harsh winters unless adequate insulation measures are in place.

Frost-Free Hose Bib: Essential Protection Against Freezing

For homeowners in colder climates, the frost-free hose bib is an indispensable fixture. Designed to prevent freezing and subsequent pipe damage, it offers peace of mind throughout the winter months.

Function and Necessity

The key feature of a frost-free bib is its extended valve stem. This stem reaches far back into the house, positioning the valve mechanism inside a heated area, away from the freezing temperatures outside.

How Frost-Free Bibs Work

When the faucet is turned off, the remaining water drains out of the spout. This prevents water from being trapped in the exposed portion of the bib, thus eliminating the risk of freezing and expansion.

Benefits of Frost-Free Bibs

• Prevents frozen pipes: By moving the valve mechanism inside the house.
• Reduces the risk of burst pipes: Eliminates water from being trapped in the exposed portion of the bib.
• Offers peace of mind in cold climates: Knowing your outdoor water source is protected.

Investing in frost-free hose bibs is a proactive measure that can save you significant money and hassle in the long run, especially if you live in an area where temperatures regularly drop below freezing.

Other Types (Briefly Mention)

While standard and frost-free hose bibs are the most prevalent, other valve types can sometimes be found in or related to water bib setups.

Ball Valves

Ball valves offer a quick and reliable shut-off. They are often used as the main shut-off valve for the water supply leading to the outdoor bib. This allows you to easily turn off the water supply for repairs or winterization.

Gate Valves

Gate valves, while less common now, were frequently used as shut-off valves in older plumbing systems.

However, they are prone to corrosion and can be difficult to fully open or close over time.

Understanding the different types of valves and bibs can help you make informed decisions when upgrading your plumbing or performing maintenance. Though ball and gate valves are not directly hose bibs, knowing how they relate to the water supply can aid in troubleshooting and repairs.

Standard water bibs and their frost-free counterparts address different environmental concerns. However, regardless of the type, they share fundamental components that dictate their functionality. Gaining insight into these parts helps in understanding the device as a whole. This knowledge enables homeowners to perform basic maintenance and diagnose common issues effectively.

Anatomy of a Water Bib: Understanding the Key Components

At first glance, a water bib appears simple. However, its reliable operation relies on the seamless interaction of several key components.

Understanding each element, from the valve mechanism to the handle, is crucial for effective maintenance and troubleshooting. This breakdown will explore each part and its function within the system.

The Valve Mechanism: The Heart of Flow Control

The valve mechanism is arguably the most critical component of a water bib. It regulates the flow of water from the supply pipe to the outlet.

Common valve types include compression valves and ball valves.

• Compression Valves: These use a rubber washer that presses against a valve seat to stop water flow. Over time, these washers can wear out, leading to drips.

• Ball Valves: These employ a ball with a hole bored through it. Rotating the handle aligns the hole with the water flow, allowing passage. When turned perpendicular, the solid ball blocks the flow. Ball valves offer a more reliable seal and are less prone to leaks than compression valves.

The stem connects the handle to the valve, allowing you to control the opening and closing of the valve mechanism.

Spout/Outlet: Your Hose Connection Point

The spout, also known as the outlet, is the point where you connect your garden hose or other watering accessories.

Most spouts feature threads on the exterior, allowing you to securely screw on a hose.

The design of the spout ensures a tight connection, minimizing leaks and maximizing water pressure. The spout may also include a vacuum breaker to prevent back-siphonage, protecting your water supply.

Handle: The User Interface

The handle is what you interact with to control the water flow.

Typically made of metal or durable plastic, the handle is designed for easy gripping and turning, even with wet hands.

The handle connects directly to the valve stem. Turning the handle rotates the stem, which in turn opens or closes the valve.

Over time, handles can become stiff or difficult to turn due to corrosion or mineral buildup. Proper lubrication can often remedy this issue.

How Component Knowledge Aids in Repair and Maintenance

Understanding the anatomy of a water bib empowers you to perform basic repairs and maintenance tasks.

For instance, identifying the valve type allows you to purchase the correct replacement parts if a leak occurs. Recognizing a worn-out washer in a compression valve, or a stiff handle attached to a ball valve. Diagnosing a problem becomes much easier with this knowledge.

Regularly inspecting the spout for damage, lubricating the handle, and replacing worn washers can significantly extend the life of your water bib, saving you money and preventing costly water damage. Knowing the components helps prevent small issues from becoming much larger ones.

Installing a Water Bib: A Step-by-Step Overview

Having explored the anatomy of a water bib and its key components, the natural next step is to understand how it’s actually put in place. While seemingly straightforward, the installation process demands careful attention to detail to ensure a leak-free and reliable connection to your home's water supply.

Installing a water bib, while manageable for many homeowners, requires a methodical approach. Here’s a condensed overview of the process, highlighting crucial steps:

Preparation is Key

Before you even pick up a wrench, ensure you have all the necessary tools and materials. This typically includes:

• A new water bib.
• Pipe wrench.
• Pipe thread sealant (Teflon tape or pipe dope).
• Possibly a new section of pipe if the old one is damaged.

Turning off the water supply is the absolute first step. Locate the shut-off valve for the outdoor faucet – ideally, one that isolates only that line. If not, you might have to shut off the main water supply to the entire house.

The Installation Process

1. Removing the Old Bib: Carefully disconnect the existing water bib using a pipe wrench. Pay attention to the direction you need to turn to loosen the connection. Old pipes can be brittle, so apply steady, controlled pressure.

2. Preparing the Pipe Threads: Clean the male threads of the supply pipe with a wire brush to remove any old sealant or corrosion. Apply fresh pipe thread sealant (Teflon tape wrapped clockwise or pipe dope) to ensure a watertight seal. This is a critical step to prevent leaks.

3. Connecting the New Bib: Thread the new water bib onto the supply pipe, tightening it with a pipe wrench. Don't overtighten, as this can damage the threads or the bib itself. Aim for a snug fit that allows the bib to point downwards.

4. Testing for Leaks: Slowly turn the water supply back on, checking for leaks at the connection point. If you spot any leaks, carefully tighten the connection slightly. If the leak persists, shut off the water, remove the bib, reapply sealant, and try again.

The Importance of a Proper Seal

We can't stress enough: a proper seal is paramount. A small drip can quickly escalate into a significant water loss, leading to wasted water, potential property damage, and increased water bills. Take your time with the sealant application and ensure the connection is snug but not excessively tight.

Water Shut-Off Valve: Your Emergency Lifeline

A readily accessible shut-off valve located near the water bib is not just a convenience; it's an essential safety feature. In the event of a burst pipe or a severe leak, you need to be able to quickly shut off the water supply to prevent further damage. Make sure you know where this valve is and that it's easily accessible.

When to Call a Professional

While many homeowners can successfully install a water bib, there are situations where it's best to call a licensed plumber:

• Extensive Corrosion: If the existing pipes are heavily corroded or damaged, attempting the repair yourself could lead to further complications.

• Soldering Required: If the installation requires soldering copper pipes, it's best left to a professional who has the necessary skills and equipment.

• Uncertainty: If you're uncomfortable with any part of the process or unsure about your abilities, don't hesitate to call a plumber. It's always better to be safe than sorry when dealing with water lines.

A professional plumber can ensure the job is done correctly and safely, providing peace of mind and preventing costly problems down the road.

Having navigated the installation process, it’s tempting to consider the job complete. However, like any plumbing fixture exposed to the elements, a water bib requires ongoing attention to ensure it continues to function reliably for years to come. The key to a long-lasting water bib lies in proactive maintenance and timely repairs, saving you from costly replacements and water waste down the line.

Maintenance and Repair: Keeping Your Water Bib in Top Shape

Regular maintenance is the unsung hero of plumbing longevity. Ignoring a water bib until a major issue arises is a recipe for disaster. A little preventative care can significantly extend its lifespan and prevent minor issues from escalating into major headaches.

The Importance of Regular Water Bib Maintenance

Think of your water bib like a car: regular check-ups and tune-ups keep it running smoothly. Neglecting it can lead to performance issues and eventually, a breakdown.

With water bibs, this translates to checking for leaks, inspecting for corrosion, and ensuring smooth operation. Regular inspections allow you to catch small problems early, before they balloon into costly repairs or even complete replacement.

Common Water Bib Issues: Identifying the Warning Signs

Several telltale signs indicate that your water bib needs attention. Being aware of these can help you address issues promptly.

Leaks and Drips: Even a slow, steady drip can waste a significant amount of water over time. Leaks often indicate worn washers, loose connections, or corrosion. Don't ignore even the smallest drip; it's a sign of underlying problems.

Stiff Handles: A handle that's difficult to turn or that sticks could indicate corrosion or mineral buildup within the valve. Forcing the handle can damage the internal components, leading to leaks or failure.

Corrosion and Damage: Inspect the water bib for signs of rust, corrosion, or physical damage. These issues can weaken the fixture and lead to leaks or breakage.

Simple DIY Repair Tips: Tackling Common Problems

Many common water bib issues can be resolved with basic DIY skills and a few inexpensive parts.

Replacing Washers: Leaky faucets are often caused by worn-out washers. Replacing these is a simple and inexpensive repair.

1. First, shut off the water supply to the bib.
2. Disassemble the handle and valve stem.
3. Remove the old washer and replace it with a new one of the same size and type.

Tightening Connections: Loose connections can also cause leaks. Use a wrench to gently tighten any loose fittings, but be careful not to overtighten, which can damage the threads.

Lubricating the Valve Stem: A stiff handle can often be fixed by lubricating the valve stem. Apply a silicone-based plumber's grease to the stem to help it move more freely.

When is a Full Water Bib Replacement Necessary?

While many issues can be addressed with DIY repairs, sometimes a full water bib replacement is the only option.

Extensive Corrosion: If the water bib is heavily corroded or rusted, it's best to replace it. Corrosion weakens the metal and can lead to leaks or breakage.

Cracks or Damage: Any cracks or significant damage to the water bib body warrants a replacement. These types of damage compromise the integrity of the fixture.

Repeated Issues: If you find yourself constantly repairing the same water bib, it may be time to replace it with a new one.

Consider a full replacement when the cost of repairs approaches the cost of a new water bib. Doing so can save you time, money, and frustration in the long run.

Having navigated the installation process, it’s tempting to consider the job complete. However, like any plumbing fixture exposed to the elements, a water bib requires ongoing attention to ensure it continues to function reliably for years to come. The key to a long-lasting water bib lies in proactive maintenance and timely repairs, saving you from costly replacements and water waste down the line.

Troubleshooting Common Water Bib Problems

Even with diligent maintenance, water bibs can experience issues that require troubleshooting. Addressing these problems promptly can prevent further damage and ensure a consistent water supply. This section provides actionable steps for diagnosing and resolving common water bib problems.

Identifying and Fixing Leaks

Leaks are among the most frequent water bib complaints. Even small drips can waste a surprising amount of water over time, leading to higher water bills and potential property damage. Pinpointing the source of the leak is the first step in resolving the issue.

Common Leak Sources

• Around the Handle: Leaks here often indicate a worn-out packing nut or O-ring.
• From the Spout: This typically signals a faulty valve seat or worn-out washer inside the valve.
• At the Connection to the House: This could be due to loose fittings or corroded pipes.

Troubleshooting Steps for Leaks

1. Tighten Connections: Start by tightening the packing nut around the handle or the connections to the house using a wrench. Be careful not to overtighten, as this can damage the components.
2. Replace Washers and O-rings: If tightening doesn't work, turn off the water supply and disassemble the water bib. Replace any worn washers or O-rings. These are inexpensive and readily available at most hardware stores.
3. Apply Teflon Tape: For leaks at threaded connections, remove the fitting, clean the threads, and apply fresh Teflon tape before reassembling.
4. Check for Corrosion: Examine the water bib and surrounding pipes for signs of corrosion. If corrosion is present, consider replacing the affected parts or the entire water bib.
5. When in Doubt, Call a Pro: If you're uncomfortable with any of these steps, it's best to consult a qualified plumber.

Restoring Low Water Pressure

Low water pressure from a water bib can be frustrating, especially when you need a strong stream for tasks like washing your car or watering the lawn. Identifying the cause is crucial for restoring proper flow.

Possible Causes of Low Water Pressure

• Partially Closed Shut-Off Valve: Ensure the main water shut-off valve to the water bib is fully open.
• Clogged Aerator or Screen: Many water bibs have a screen or aerator at the spout. This can become clogged with debris over time, restricting water flow.
• Kinked or Damaged Hose: Inspect the hose connected to the water bib for kinks or damage that might be restricting the water flow.
• Pipe Corrosion or Build-Up: Over time, mineral deposits or corrosion inside the pipes can reduce the diameter of the pipe, leading to lower water pressure.

Solutions for Low Water Pressure

1. Check the Shut-Off Valve: Verify that the shut-off valve is fully open.
2. Clean the Aerator/Screen: Remove the aerator or screen from the spout and clean it thoroughly to remove any debris.
3. Replace the Hose: If the hose is kinked or damaged, replace it with a new one.
4. Flush the Pipes: If you suspect mineral build-up, try flushing the pipes by opening the water bib fully for a few minutes to dislodge any deposits.
5. Call a Plumber: If the problem persists, it may be due to more serious issues within the plumbing system that require professional attention.

Safely Thawing Frozen Water Bibs

Frozen water bibs are a common problem in colder climates, and they can lead to burst pipes and significant water damage. Never use an open flame to thaw a frozen pipe, as this can be a fire hazard and damage the plumbing.

Safe Thawing Methods

1. Hair Dryer: Use a hair dryer on a low setting to gently warm the frozen section of the water bib or pipe. Move the hair dryer back and forth to distribute the heat evenly.
2. Warm Water: Wrap the frozen section with towels soaked in warm water. Replace the towels as they cool down.
3. Heat Tape: Apply heat tape designed for plumbing to the frozen section. Follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.
4. Professional Help: If you're unable to thaw the water bib using these methods, or if you suspect a burst pipe, contact a plumber immediately.

Having navigated the installation process, it’s tempting to consider the job complete. However, like any plumbing fixture exposed to the elements, a water bib requires ongoing attention to ensure it continues to function reliably for years to come. The key to a long-lasting water bib lies in proactive maintenance and timely repairs, saving you from costly replacements and water waste down the line.

Preventing Winter Woes: A Guide to Freeze-Proofing Your Water Bib

As temperatures plummet, the risk of frozen and burst pipes skyrockets. One of the most vulnerable points in your home's plumbing system during winter is the outdoor water bib. Taking preventative measures is crucial to avoid costly repairs and water damage. This section will guide you through essential steps to protect your water bib from the harsh realities of winter.

The Importance of Winterizing

The damage caused by freezing water can be extensive.

When water freezes, it expands. This expansion can exert tremendous pressure on pipes and fittings, leading to cracks and bursts.

Ignoring winterization can lead to significant damage, including flooded basements and costly plumbing repairs.

Prevention is significantly cheaper than repair in this scenario.

Insulating Your Water Bib: A First Line of Defense

Insulation provides a critical barrier against freezing temperatures.

Several options are available, each offering varying degrees of protection.

Foam Covers

These inexpensive covers fit snugly over the water bib and provide basic insulation.

They are easy to install and remove, making them a convenient option for mild winter climates.

However, they may not be sufficient in areas with prolonged sub-freezing temperatures.

Insulating Pouches

These padded pouches offer more comprehensive protection than foam covers.

They typically feature a Velcro closure for a secure fit and are made from weather-resistant materials.

Insulating pouches are a good choice for areas with moderate winter conditions.

Heat Tape

For regions with severe winters, heat tape provides active freeze protection.

Heat tape is an electrical cable that wraps around the water bib and generates heat to prevent freezing.

Always follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully when installing and using heat tape.

Ensure the heat tape is designed for outdoor use and is properly grounded.

The Critical Role of Hose Disconnection and Storage

Leaving a hose connected to a water bib during winter can create a pathway for freezing water to back up into the pipe.

This can lead to a burst pipe inside your home, even if the water bib itself is protected.

Disconnecting the hose is a simple but essential step in winterizing your water bib.

After disconnecting the hose, drain any remaining water and store it in a protected area, such as a garage or shed.

This prevents the hose from freezing and cracking, extending its lifespan.

Final Checks for Peace of Mind

Before the first freeze, inspect your water bib for any signs of leaks or damage.

Address any issues promptly to prevent them from worsening during the winter months.

Consider turning off the water supply to the outdoor faucet from inside your home.

This adds an extra layer of protection against freezing and bursting pipes.

Having navigated the installation process, it’s tempting to consider the job complete. However, like any plumbing fixture exposed to the elements, a water bib requires ongoing attention to ensure it continues to function reliably for years to come. The key to a long-lasting water bib lies in proactive maintenance and timely repairs, saving you from costly replacements and water waste down the line.

Why Frost-Free Hose Bibs are Essential for Cold Climates

For those residing in regions where winter's icy grip is a yearly reality, the choice between a standard water bib and a frost-free model isn't just a matter of preference – it's a necessity.

Frost-free hose bibs are engineered to withstand the unique challenges posed by freezing temperatures, preventing costly damage and ensuring a reliable water source year-round.

The Perils of Freezing Temperatures

Cold climates present a perfect storm of problems for standard water bibs.

The primary threat is, of course, freezing. When water freezes within the pipes, it expands significantly.

This expansion creates immense pressure that can easily rupture pipes, fittings, and even the water bib itself.

Ignoring this risk can result in not only the inconvenience of a broken water bib, but also potentially extensive water damage within your home.

Flooding, mold growth, and structural issues can all stem from a burst pipe caused by a frozen water bib.

How Frost-Free Bibs Prevent Freezing

Frost-free hose bibs employ a clever design to mitigate the risk of freezing.

Unlike standard bibs where the valve is located near the exterior, frost-free models have an extended valve stem that reaches far into the interior of the building, where temperatures are consistently warmer.

This means the actual shut-off valve is located inside the heated portion of your home.

When you turn off the water at a frost-free bib, the water remaining in the exposed portion of the pipe drains away, preventing it from freezing and expanding.

This self-draining action is crucial for protecting your plumbing system during freezing weather.

Key Features of Frost-Free Hose Bibs

• Extended Valve Stem: The long valve stem is the defining characteristic, allowing the valve to be located inside the building's heated envelope.

• Angled Installation: Many frost-free bibs are designed to be installed at a slight downward angle to ensure complete drainage.

• Vacuum Breaker: This feature prevents back-siphonage, protecting your water supply from contamination.

Choosing the Right Frost-Free Bib

When selecting a frost-free hose bib, consider the following:

• Length: Ensure the valve stem is long enough to reach inside your home's heated space. Measure the thickness of your wall to determine the appropriate length.

• Material: Brass is a durable and corrosion-resistant option, but stainless steel is also a good choice.

• Installation: Proper installation is critical for the frost-free bib to function correctly. Follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.

By investing in a frost-free hose bib, you're making a smart investment in the long-term health and reliability of your home's plumbing system.

It's a simple yet effective way to avoid the costly and disruptive consequences of frozen pipes and water damage.