NGK vs Champion: The ULTIMATE Spark Plug Showdown!

The performance of an engine relies heavily on its ignition system, and spark plugs are a crucial component. NGK, a Japanese corporation known for its high-quality automotive parts, offers a wide variety of spark plugs. Champion, an American brand with a long history in motorsports, also manufactures spark plugs suitable for various applications. Deciding between ngk spark plugs vs champion requires a careful analysis of your engine's needs, driving conditions, and budget.

In the realm of automotive maintenance and performance, the humble spark plug often gets overlooked. Yet, this small component plays a crucial role in the internal combustion engine, directly impacting its efficiency, power, and overall health. Two brands stand out as titans in the spark plug industry: NGK and Champion.

Both companies have a long and storied history, providing spark plugs for everything from everyday passenger vehicles to high-performance racing machines. Choosing between these two industry giants can be daunting, especially given the variety of options and technical specifications involved.

NGK and Champion: A Brief Overview

NGK Spark Plugs boasts a global presence, renowned for its innovative technology and commitment to quality. Their plugs are often the original equipment (OE) choice for many Japanese and European automakers, signifying a strong reputation for reliability and performance.

Champion, with its American roots, has been a household name for over a century. The brand is known for its durability and broad application coverage, catering to a wide range of vehicles and engine types, including those found in classic cars and heavy-duty equipment.

The Vital Role of Spark Plugs

At its core, a spark plug’s function is simple: to ignite the air-fuel mixture within the engine's combustion chamber. This seemingly small spark sets off a chain reaction that generates the power needed to propel your vehicle.

The efficiency of this combustion process is directly influenced by the quality and condition of the spark plugs. Worn or incompatible spark plugs can lead to:

• Reduced fuel economy
• Decreased engine power
• Increased emissions
• Engine misfires

Therefore, selecting the right spark plug is not merely a matter of preference; it's a critical decision that can significantly impact your vehicle's performance and longevity.

Navigating the Choices: A Comprehensive Comparison

This article aims to provide a comprehensive comparison between NGK and Champion spark plugs. We will delve into their key features, technologies, and performance characteristics to help you make an informed decision.

By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each brand, we hope to equip you with the knowledge necessary to choose the best spark plugs for your specific vehicle, driving conditions, and performance goals. Ultimately, the right choice will optimize your engine's performance and fuel efficiency, ensuring a smooth and reliable driving experience.

In the realm of automotive maintenance and performance, the humble spark plug often gets overlooked. Yet, this small component plays a crucial role in the internal combustion engine, directly impacting its efficiency, power, and overall health. Two brands stand out as titans in the spark plug industry: NGK and Champion.

Both companies have a long and storied history, providing spark plugs for everything from everyday passenger vehicles to high-performance racing machines. Choosing between these two industry giants can be daunting, especially given the variety of options and technical specifications involved.

NGK Spark Plugs boasts a global presence, renowned for its innovative technology and commitment to quality. Their plugs are often the original equipment (OE) choice for many Japanese and European automakers, signifying a strong reputation for reliability and performance.

Champion, with its American roots, has been a household name for over a century. The brand is known for its durability and broad application coverage, catering to a wide range of vehicles and engine types, including those found in classic cars and heavy-duty equipment.

At its core, a spark plug’s function is simple: to ignite the air-fuel mixture within the engine's combustion chamber. This seemingly small spark sets off a chain reaction that generates the power needed to propel your vehicle.

The efficiency of this combustion process is directly influenced by the quality and condition of the spark plugs. Worn or incompatible spark plugs can lead to:

Reduced fuel efficiency, diminished engine power, and increased emissions. Before diving into a brand comparison, however, it’s crucial to lay a foundational understanding of spark plug technology.

Spark Plug Basics: Understanding the Core Concepts

To properly evaluate spark plugs, it's important to grasp the fundamental principles that govern their operation. This section will break down the core concepts, providing you with the knowledge to understand the nuances of spark plug design and selection.

The Spark Plug's Role in the Ignition System

The spark plug is the final link in the ignition system's chain of events. Its primary function is to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture within the engine cylinder.

This ignition creates a controlled explosion, forcing the piston down and generating the power that drives your vehicle. Without a properly functioning spark plug, combustion cannot occur, and the engine will not run.

Key Spark Plug Characteristics

Understanding the following key characteristics is critical to selecting the right spark plug for your vehicle.

Spark Plug Gap

The spark plug gap refers to the distance between the center electrode and the ground electrode. This gap is crucial for creating a strong, consistent spark.

A gap that is too small may produce a weak spark, leading to incomplete combustion. Conversely, a gap that is too large may require more voltage than the ignition system can provide, resulting in misfires.

The correct spark plug gap is specified by the vehicle manufacturer and should be adhered to for optimal engine performance.

Spark Plug Heat Range

The heat range indicates a spark plug's ability to dissipate heat. Hotter plugs retain more heat, while colder plugs dissipate heat more quickly.

The correct heat range is critical to prevent pre-ignition or fouling. A hot plug in a high-performance engine could overheat and cause detonation, while a cold plug in a low-performance engine may foul with carbon deposits.

Choosing the correct heat range ensures the spark plug operates within its optimal temperature range, contributing to efficient combustion and long plug life.

Spark Plug Materials

The materials used in spark plug construction significantly impact performance and longevity.

• Copper: Copper core plugs are known for their excellent conductivity and are often used in older vehicles or applications where frequent replacement is acceptable. They offer good performance but have a shorter lifespan.

• Nickel: Nickel alloy electrodes are more durable than copper and offer a longer service life. They are a common choice for everyday passenger vehicles.

• Platinum: Platinum-tipped spark plugs offer improved durability and a longer lifespan compared to copper or nickel. They provide a more consistent spark over time.

• Iridium: Iridium is one of the hardest materials used in spark plug construction. Iridium-tipped plugs offer exceptional durability, a very long lifespan, and a highly focused spark. They are often used in high-performance engines and vehicles with extended service intervals.

The choice of material depends on the vehicle's requirements, driving conditions, and budget. Iridium and platinum plugs generally offer superior performance and longevity, while copper and nickel plugs are more economical options for applications where frequent replacement is not a concern.

Before diving into a brand-by-brand examination, it's helpful to first understand the core function of the spark plug and how different designs impact its performance. This foundation will allow for a more insightful comparison between NGK and Champion’s offerings.

NGK Spark Plugs: A Detailed Overview

NGK (Nippon Gaishi Kabushiki Kaisha) spark plugs have earned a global reputation for innovation, performance, and reliability. Their presence in the automotive industry is substantial, making them a popular choice for both original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and aftermarket consumers.

History and Market Position

Founded in 1936, NGK initially focused on producing spark plugs for the burgeoning Japanese automotive industry. Over the decades, they expanded their operations globally, establishing a strong foothold in key markets across North America, Europe, and Asia.

NGK's dedication to research and development has allowed them to stay at the forefront of spark plug technology, leading to numerous patents and innovations. This commitment has solidified their position as a leading supplier to major automotive manufacturers, including Honda, Toyota, and BMW. The brand’s strong OEM presence lends significant credibility to its aftermarket offerings.

NGK's market share is a testament to its quality and performance. They offer a comprehensive range of spark plugs to suit diverse engine types and applications. Their plugs are commonly found in passenger cars, motorcycles, marine engines, and power equipment.

Key Features and Technologies

NGK spark plugs incorporate several key features and technologies designed to enhance ignition performance, durability, and engine efficiency. These include:

• Fine Wire Center Electrodes: Many NGK plugs utilize fine wire center electrodes, often made of precious metals like iridium or platinum. These electrodes require less voltage to generate a spark, resulting in improved ignition and reduced misfires.
• Trivalent Metal Plating: NGK employs a trivalent metal plating process on the spark plug shell. This plating provides superior anti-corrosion and anti-seizing properties, ensuring easy installation and removal.
• Ceramic Insulator: NGK's ceramic insulators are designed to withstand extreme temperatures and high voltages, preventing flashover and ensuring consistent spark delivery.
• Resistor Technology: Many NGK plugs incorporate a resistor to suppress radio frequency interference (RFI), preventing disruption to electronic systems.

Range of Plugs for Different Applications

NGK offers a wide array of spark plugs designed to meet the specific requirements of different engines and applications. This includes:

• Iridium IX Spark Plugs: Designed for high-performance engines, these plugs feature an ultra-fine iridium center electrode for enhanced ignitability and throttle response.
• Platinum Spark Plugs: Ideal for modern engines with electronic ignition systems, platinum plugs offer extended service life and consistent performance.
• Copper Core Spark Plugs: A cost-effective option for older vehicles, copper core plugs provide reliable ignition and good thermal conductivity.
• Laser Series Spark Plugs: Designed as OEM replacement plugs, the Laser Series offers precise fitment and performance characteristics.

Mitigating Engine Misfires

Engine misfires can significantly impact performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions. NGK spark plugs are designed to minimize the occurrence of misfires through several key features:

• Consistent Spark: The quality of materials and precise manufacturing processes contribute to a consistent and reliable spark.
• Proper Heat Range: Selecting the correct heat range for a specific engine is crucial to prevent fouling or pre-ignition, both of which can cause misfires. NGK offers a wide range of heat ranges to match various engine requirements.
• Reduced Voltage Requirement: Fine wire electrodes and optimized designs reduce the voltage required to initiate a spark, improving ignition reliability, particularly under demanding conditions.
• Optimal Combustion: By ensuring complete and efficient combustion, NGK plugs help prevent unburnt fuel from entering the exhaust system, reducing the risk of catalytic converter damage and emissions issues.

Before diving into a brand-by-brand examination, it's helpful to first understand the core function of the spark plug and how different designs impact its performance. This foundation will allow for a more insightful comparison between NGK and Champion’s offerings.

Champion Spark Plugs: An In-Depth Exploration

Champion spark plugs represent another significant player in the engine ignition landscape, boasting a legacy almost as rich as NGK. Understanding their history, technology, and range is crucial for a balanced comparison.

A Legacy of Ignition: History and Market Position

Champion's origins trace back to 1907, establishing them as one of the oldest and most recognized spark plug manufacturers in the world. Their early success was fueled by supplying spark plugs to the burgeoning automotive industry in the United States.

Over the decades, Champion has expanded its global reach, becoming a trusted supplier to both OEMs and the aftermarket. While their market share might fluctuate depending on the region and specific vehicle segment, their historical significance and brand recognition remain undeniable.

Champion's commitment to innovation is evident in their long history of patents and advancements. Their presence as an OEM supplier to various automotive, industrial, and small engine manufacturers underscores their reputation for quality and reliability.

This established OEM presence lends considerable weight to their aftermarket offerings, inspiring customer confidence in the brand's ability to deliver dependable performance.

Under the Hood: Key Features and Technologies

Champion spark plugs incorporate a variety of features and technologies designed to optimize engine performance and durability. These features vary across their product lines, catering to different engine types and performance requirements.

Copper Plus: A staple in Champion’s lineup, these plugs utilize a copper core center electrode for enhanced conductivity and heat dissipation. This makes them suitable for a wide range of older vehicles and everyday driving conditions.

Double Platinum: Featuring platinum on both the center and ground electrodes, these plugs offer increased durability and a longer lifespan compared to standard copper plugs.

They maintain a stable spark gap over extended periods, contributing to consistent engine performance.

Iridium: Champion's iridium spark plugs employ an iridium-enhanced center electrode for exceptional wear resistance and optimized spark concentration. Iridium plugs often feature a fine-wire design that improves ignitability and reduces voltage requirements.

EON Core: A recent innovation, EON Core plugs are designed as a universal replacement solution. Champion has designed this plug with broad application coverage.

Focusing on Performance: Ignition and Materials

Champion emphasizes robust ignition capabilities across its product line. The choice of materials plays a critical role in achieving this.

The brand frequently utilizes proprietary alloys and electrode designs to enhance spark energy and promote efficient combustion.

Their focus on heat dissipation through optimized electrode designs helps to prevent overheating and pre-ignition, ensuring reliable performance under demanding conditions.

A Plug for Every Purpose: Champion's Product Range

Champion offers a comprehensive range of spark plugs designed to suit diverse engine types and applications.

Their product portfolio includes plugs for passenger cars, trucks, motorcycles, small engines, and industrial equipment.

This extensive range ensures that customers can find a Champion spark plug tailored to their specific vehicle or equipment requirements.

From standard copper plugs to high-performance iridium options, Champion provides a range of choices to meet various performance and budget considerations.

Minimizing Misfires: The Role of Champion Plugs

Like any quality spark plug, Champion plugs are designed to minimize engine misfires. Misfires occur when combustion fails to happen correctly in one or more of the engine's cylinders.

Champion plugs help reduce misfires by delivering a consistent and reliable spark, ensuring proper ignition of the air-fuel mixture.

Worn or fouled spark plugs are a common cause of misfires, and Champion's emphasis on durability and resistance to fouling contributes to improved engine performance and reduced emissions.

By maintaining a stable spark gap and resisting wear, Champion plugs help to ensure consistent combustion, minimizing the risk of misfires and promoting optimal engine operation.

Champion's dedication to reliability and quality, proven through a century of OEM partnerships, provides a strong foundation. Now, let's move into a side-by-side comparison, placing NGK and Champion directly against each other. This will reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each brand across key performance indicators.

Head-to-Head: NGK vs. Champion Performance Comparison

Choosing between NGK and Champion spark plugs often comes down to a nuanced understanding of their respective strengths. A direct comparison across critical performance categories is essential for making an informed decision tailored to your specific vehicle and driving habits.

Performance: Ignition Power and Combustion Efficiency

Ignition power refers to the plug's ability to consistently generate a strong, reliable spark, initiating complete combustion. Both NGK and Champion offer plugs designed for optimal ignition, but their approaches differ slightly.

NGK often utilizes fine-wire center electrodes, particularly in their iridium and platinum plugs. These promote concentrated spark energy and efficient combustion. This design edge often translates into smoother idling and improved throttle response.

Champion, while also offering fine-wire options, emphasizes robust construction and reliable sparking under a broader range of conditions. Their designs may prioritize durability over peak spark intensity in certain applications.

Combustion efficiency is the measure of how completely the fuel mixture is burned during each cycle. Improved efficiency directly leads to increased power and reduced emissions. Both brands actively engineer their plugs for this benefit.

Durability: Lifespan and Material Resistance

Durability encompasses both the lifespan of the spark plug and its resistance to wear, corrosion, and fouling. Spark plug lifespan can vary dramatically. This depends on the materials used in its construction, and the engine operating conditions.

Iridium and platinum plugs, offered by both NGK and Champion, boast significantly longer lifespans than traditional copper or nickel plugs. Iridium plugs, in particular, are known for exceptional longevity, sometimes exceeding 100,000 miles.

Material resistance is crucial in preventing premature failure. Both brands employ various coatings and alloys to protect against corrosion from harsh combustion byproducts. Champion’s emphasis on heavy-duty construction contributes to their reputation for durability in demanding applications.

Fuel Efficiency: Impact on Fuel Consumption

The efficiency of combustion directly impacts fuel economy. A strong, consistent spark ensures the fuel mixture burns completely. This minimizes wasted fuel and maximizes the energy extracted from each combustion event.

Both NGK and Champion offer spark plugs engineered to optimize fuel efficiency. However, the degree of improvement can vary depending on the vehicle, engine condition, and driving style. Upgrading to a premium iridium or platinum plug from either brand can often yield noticeable gains in MPG.

Factors like proper spark plug gap and heat range are critical for fuel efficiency. Using the correct spark plug for your specific vehicle is essential to achieving optimal results.

Pricing: Cost Comparison for Different Models

Pricing is always a crucial consideration. NGK and Champion spark plugs occupy a similar price range, but costs vary depending on the specific model, material, and application.

Generally, copper and nickel plugs are the most affordable options, while iridium and platinum plugs command a premium due to their superior performance and longevity.

Champion may sometimes offer slightly more competitive pricing on certain models, but NGK often holds an edge in the high-performance, premium segment. Comparing prices from multiple retailers is essential for securing the best deal.

Consider the long-term cost. While a cheaper plug might seem appealing upfront, a longer-lasting iridium or platinum plug can save money in the long run. This is done by reducing the frequency of replacements.

Application: Suitability for Vehicle Types and Driving Conditions

Matching the spark plug to the vehicle and driving conditions is paramount. Different engines and driving styles demand different spark plug characteristics.

NGK is often favored in Japanese and European vehicles and those prioritizing high performance.

Champion, with its deep roots in the American automotive industry, is a popular choice for domestic vehicles and applications. This includes those that require robust and reliable performance under challenging conditions.

Driving conditions also play a significant role. Stop-and-go city driving, for example, can lead to increased spark plug fouling, necessitating a plug designed for greater resistance to deposits. High-performance engines often benefit from colder heat ranges. These prevent pre-ignition and detonation under high-stress conditions.

Troubleshooting: Common Spark Plug Issues and Solutions

The peak performance of an engine hinges on the health and proper functioning of its spark plugs. These small components endure extreme conditions within the combustion chamber, and over time, various problems can arise, hindering optimal engine operation. Recognizing these issues early and understanding how to address them is critical for maintaining vehicle reliability and efficiency.

Common Spark Plug Problems: Identifying the Culprits

Several issues can plague spark plugs, each leaving distinct clues that aid in diagnosis. Fouling, wear, and physical damage are the most prevalent.

Fouling: A Symptom of Rich Conditions

Spark plug fouling occurs when foreign substances accumulate on the firing tip, interfering with the spark's ability to ignite the air-fuel mixture.

Carbon fouling, characterized by dry, black deposits, typically indicates an excessively rich fuel mixture. This can stem from a malfunctioning carburetor, faulty fuel injectors, or a restricted air filter.

Oil fouling, presenting as wet, oily deposits, often points to oil leaks past piston rings or valve seals.

Fuel fouling, where the plug is damp with fuel, suggests issues with the fuel delivery system or repeated short trips where the engine doesn't fully warm up.

Wear: The Inevitable Consequence of Use

Normal wear is an unavoidable aspect of spark plug aging.

Over time, the electrodes erode, increasing the spark plug gap. This requires a higher voltage to jump the gap, potentially straining the ignition system.

Rounded electrodes are a telltale sign of wear, and a significantly widened gap will negatively impact combustion efficiency.

Damage: Physical Ailments Demand Attention

Physical damage to a spark plug is often the most immediately apparent problem.

Cracked or broken insulators can result from improper installation, excessive engine heat, or even pre-ignition and detonation issues.

Bent electrodes are usually caused by physical impact during handling or installation. Any visible damage warrants immediate replacement of the spark plug.

Identifying Engine Misfires Caused by Faulty Spark Plugs

Engine misfires are a common symptom of spark plug problems. A misfire occurs when one or more cylinders fail to ignite the air-fuel mixture properly.

This results in a noticeable loss of power, rough idling, and potentially increased emissions. Identifying misfires linked to spark plugs requires careful observation and diagnostic techniques.

A Check Engine Light illuminating on the dashboard is often the first indicator of a misfire. Modern vehicles store diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) that can pinpoint the affected cylinder.

Rough idling, especially when the engine is cold, can signify a spark plug failing to ignite the mixture consistently.

A noticeable decrease in fuel economy can also be a sign of misfires, as unburnt fuel is expelled through the exhaust.

To isolate a specific spark plug as the culprit, you can use an inductive timing light or a multimeter to check for spark at each cylinder.

Swapping spark plugs between cylinders and monitoring if the misfire follows the plug can further confirm the diagnosis.

Tips for Diagnosing and Resolving Spark Plug Problems

Diagnosing spark plug issues requires a systematic approach.

Start with a visual inspection of all spark plugs. Note the color, condition, and any signs of fouling, wear, or damage. Compare the appearance of each plug to identify any anomalies.

Use a spark plug gapping tool to measure the gap between the electrodes. Ensure it matches the manufacturer's specifications for your vehicle. Adjust the gap carefully if necessary, but avoid bending the electrodes excessively.

Employ a compression test to rule out other potential causes of misfires, such as leaky valves or damaged piston rings.

Consult your vehicle's service manual for recommended spark plug types, gapping specifications, and torque values during installation.

When replacing spark plugs, always use the correct type specified for your engine. Consider upgrading to iridium or platinum plugs for enhanced durability and performance.

Apply a small amount of anti-seize compound to the spark plug threads to prevent them from seizing in the cylinder head.

Torque the spark plugs to the specified value using a torque wrench. Over-tightening can damage the threads, while under-tightening can lead to leaks and misfires.

By following these diagnostic steps and adhering to proper installation procedures, you can effectively troubleshoot and resolve many common spark plug-related problems, ensuring optimal engine performance and longevity.

Maintenance and Replacement: Keeping Your Engine Firing

Just as diagnosing potential spark plug issues is crucial, proactively maintaining these components and knowing when to replace them is paramount for preserving optimal engine performance and preventing potential engine misfires. Neglecting spark plug maintenance can lead to a gradual decline in fuel efficiency, reduced power output, and, in severe cases, engine damage.

The Importance of Regular Spark Plug Maintenance

Regular spark plug maintenance extends beyond merely replacing them when a problem arises. Consistent checks and timely replacements are integral to a healthy engine. Functioning spark plugs ensure complete and efficient combustion, maximizing fuel economy and minimizing harmful emissions.

Furthermore, properly maintained spark plugs prevent undue stress on other ignition system components, such as the ignition coils. When spark plugs become worn or fouled, they require higher voltage to fire, potentially leading to premature coil failure.

Inspection and Replacement Frequency Guidelines

Determining the appropriate inspection and replacement intervals for spark plugs depends on several factors, including the type of spark plug (copper, platinum, or iridium), the vehicle manufacturer's recommendations, and driving conditions.

Following Manufacturer's Recommendations

The vehicle owner's manual is the primary source for recommended spark plug replacement intervals. These intervals are carefully determined by the manufacturer based on extensive testing and are designed to ensure optimal engine performance and longevity.

Accounting for Driving Conditions

Severe driving conditions, such as frequent short trips, stop-and-go traffic, or towing heavy loads, can accelerate spark plug wear. In these cases, it may be necessary to shorten the recommended replacement interval. Regularly inspecting the spark plugs can provide valuable insights into their condition and help determine if replacement is needed sooner than scheduled.

General Guidelines

As a general guideline, copper spark plugs typically require replacement every 30,000 miles, platinum spark plugs every 60,000 miles, and iridium spark plugs can last up to 100,000 miles or more. However, these are just estimates, and it's always best to consult the owner's manual for specific recommendations.

Spark Plug Replacement Process: Tools and Techniques

Replacing spark plugs is a relatively straightforward process that can be performed by most DIY mechanics with basic tools and knowledge. However, it's essential to follow proper procedures to avoid damaging the engine or ignition system.

Essential Tools

The following tools are typically required for spark plug replacement:

• Spark plug socket: This specialized socket features a rubber insert to protect the spark plug's ceramic insulator.
• Socket wrench: To turn the spark plug socket.
• Torque wrench: To tighten the spark plugs to the correct torque specification.
• Spark plug gap tool: To ensure the spark plug gap is within the specified range.
• Anti-seize compound: To prevent spark plugs from seizing in the cylinder head.
• Dielectric grease: To protect the spark plug boots from moisture and corrosion.

Step-by-Step Replacement Procedure

1. Preparation: Allow the engine to cool completely before beginning the replacement process. Disconnect the negative battery cable for safety.
2. Access: Locate the spark plugs on the engine. Depending on the vehicle, it may be necessary to remove some components to access the spark plugs.
3. Removal: Carefully remove the spark plug wires or coil packs from the spark plugs. Use a spark plug socket to loosen and remove the old spark plugs.
4. Inspection: Inspect the old spark plugs for signs of wear, fouling, or damage. This can provide valuable insights into the engine's condition.
5. Gapping: Use a spark plug gap tool to ensure the gap on the new spark plugs is within the specified range.
6. Installation: Apply a small amount of anti-seize compound to the threads of the new spark plugs. Carefully thread the new spark plugs into the cylinder head by hand to avoid cross-threading.
7. Torquing: Use a torque wrench to tighten the spark plugs to the correct torque specification. Overtightening can damage the cylinder head, while undertightening can lead to leaks and poor performance.
8. Reconnection: Apply a small amount of dielectric grease to the inside of the spark plug boots. Reconnect the spark plug wires or coil packs to the spark plugs.
9. Final Steps: Reinstall any components that were removed to access the spark plugs. Reconnect the negative battery cable.
10. Testing: Start the engine and listen for any unusual noises or misfires.

By adhering to these maintenance guidelines and replacement procedures, you can ensure that your engine continues to fire on all cylinders, delivering optimal performance, fuel efficiency, and longevity.

So, there you have it! Hopefully, this deep dive into ngk spark plugs vs champion has armed you with the knowledge you need to make the best choice for your ride. Happy motoring!